What is Propolis?

What is Propolis

Propolis is a mixture of beeswax and resin collected by honey bees from plants, especially from flower buds and leaf buds. Propolis is sticky, protective material.

How it is Made (Collection)

In a hive, the inner cover is removed and a propolis screen is placed. Bees fill the gaps with propolis. The trap is removed and frozen, making the hardened propolis. The trap is twisted slightly to break off the hardened propolis into small pieces, called propolis chunks.

Types of Propolis

Propolis types vary based on the plant sources bees collect resins from, leading to differences in color, composition, and bioactive compounds.

In India, important sources are Poplar and Eucalyptus trees. Brown, Green, Red, Black, Clusia, Passific, Tetragonula

Who Discovered Propolis and When

3000 BCE – Egyptians used propolis for embalming mummies.

Greeks, Romans, and Incas used propolis for wound healing and infections.

While propolis has been known for thousands of years, its detailed chemical study only emerged in the past century.

Benefits

Antimicrobial: Acts against bacteria, viruses, and fungi

Anti-inflammatory: Helps reduce inflammation and promote healing

Antioxidant: Contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds that neutralize free radicals

Immune-boosting: Supports immune system function

Propolis acts as a very good immune-modulator. It stimulates the activity of the thymus. It has antiviral, regenerative, and anti-toxic properties. It strengthens the cellular membranes of the body.

Uses and How

Medicine: Used in wound healing, oral care, and immune support

Cosmetics: Found in creams, lotions, and toothpaste for skin and dental health

Food and Beverages: Used as a supplement or ingredient in health products

Beekeeping: Strengthens the hive and prevents infections

Propolis is widely used in:

  • Dentistry procedures
  • Treating Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2
  • Parasitic infections
  • Burns
  • Canker sores
  • Colds (Prevention and treatment)
  • Dental pain and plaque
  • Gingivitis
  • Fungal infections
  • Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
  • Rheumatic diseases
  • Stomach ulcers
  • Vaginitis

Nutritional Value

Composition varies based on the plant sources and bee species, but it generally contains:

Calories: 300–400 Kcal

Proteins: 2–5 g

Carbohydrates: 30–50 g

Fats: 10–20 g

Dietary Fibre: 5–10 g

Industry-Level Usage

In Cosmetics: Ointments, creams, body lotions, toothpaste

Medicines: Dental care, Tissue regeneration, Ulcers, Eczema, Wound healing, Cancer treatment, Treatment in cardiovascular and blood systems, Respiratory infections, Anti-inflammatory and antibiotic ointment

Veterinary Medicines: Wound healing and sores

Wood Preservatives

Propolis Value-Added Products

  • Raw propolis
  • Propolis liquid extracts
  • Propolis chewable tablets
  • Propolis capsules
  • Propolis chunks
  • Propolis powder
  • Propolis tincture
  • Propolis paste
  • Propolis soap
  • Propolis mouthwash
  • Propolis shampoo
  • Propolis capsules

Why Bees Make Propolis

Bees collect propolis primarily for hive protection and maintenance. Bees coat hive walls and entrances with propolis to create a hygienic environment, reducing the risk of disease spread due to its antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties.

Bees use propolis to:

  • Seal cracks and holes in the hive, preventing light, ventilation, moisture, pests, and predators
  • Coat the queen’s cell and brood cells to shield developing larvae from pathogens
  • Maintain stable hive temperature and humidity, which is essential for bee health and brood development

Storage

In general, propolis is a fairly stable product. However, proper storage in airtight containers in a cool, dark place is recommended — preferably at 10–12°C, and away from excessive heat and light.